Genetic Ownership :: Genes Science DNA Essays

Genetic Ownership In the past century, advancements in science and technology have allowed man to further investigate his origin. Science has demonstrated all living things are made up of cells and cells contain genetic material. Scientists soon will be able to take genetic material from one party and create their traits in another. In doing so, individuals, scientists, and society will be faced with new challenges as to the ownership rights of genetic material. The following will examine ethical issues of genetic ownership by looking at current and future applications of technology and the ethical challenges they provoke. In 1978 the science of reproduction exploded into public consciousness with the birth of Louise Brown, the first baby born as a product of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). Today using IVF, a couple with fertility problems can give their own genetic material in the form of sperm and eggs to a clinic, combine them to create embryos, and insert the embryos into a mother’s womb. Society accepts an individuals right to provide their own genetic material to an IVF clinic and create children. Today IVF is a multibillion-dollar, international business providing healthy children to caring parents. In 1997 another explosion of public consciousness occurred when the Roslin Institute announced they had successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. Dolly was not the product of sperm and eggs, rather she was an exact clone of her "donor parent". The embryo of Dolly was created from genetic material of a donor "parent" and implanted into a surrogate mother. Dolly and her "donor parent" currently live as the property of the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, UK. As owner of sheep, Roslin possessed the right to collect genetic material, perform research, and eventually produce a cloned animal. Today this right of ownership is currently accepted by society. In the future, individuals may have the right to use their genetic material to reproduce vital organs to be used as transplants for diseased, deformed, or damaged body parts. This process is called therapeutic cloning. Science has demonstrated all living things are made up of cells and all cells contain genetic material. At the core of all genetic material is a primary component of life, DNA. Simply put, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) instructs cells how to divide and grow into the living things we see every day. Every human possesses unique DNA. No two persons DNA is exactly alike with the exception of identical twins.

Using Empirical Research Evidence, Explain the Effects

Using empirical research evidence, explain the effects of one neurotransmitter on human behavior. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers, which send signals and communicate information through neurons (nerve cells), cells, our brains and our bodies. Neurotransmitters are released and travel through terminals in the brain until they reach certain receptors. Neurotransmitters and their functions are located and carried out in different sections of the brain. It uses neurotransmitters to make your body carry out certain functions, such as making your heart beat and your lungs breathe.Scientists are not sure of how many neurotransmitters actually exist, but they can be sorted into two main different types. These are called exitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Exitatory neurotransmitters stimulate different parts of the brain. Three wellknown types of exitatory neurotransmitters are dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine. Inhibitory neurotransmitters calm the br ain and create balance. Three different types of inhibitory neurotransmitters are serotonin, gaba and dopamine.Although dopamine was already mentioned as an exitatory neurotransmitter, it is special because it is considered to be both exitatory and inhibitory. Dopamine affects the 5 different dopamine receptors: dopamine 1 (D1), dopamine 2 (D2), dopamine 3 (D3), dopamine 4 (D4) and dopamine 5 (D5), and helps to control parts of the brain that react to pleasure and reward. It helps the brain not only to see rewards, but to motivate a person to obtain those rewards, or at least try to move towards them. It also helps to motivate humans to perform the actions again, to acquire the same rewards.This involves activities such as eating, sex, and other such activities that create a rush of adrenaline. Along with that, dopamine also helps the body to move and have emotional responses to certain objects or situations. A lack of the dopamine neurotransmitter can have a number of negative effe cts, one main illness being Parkinson's disease. Also, people that are low in or lacking in dopamine activity are more likely to have addictions or become chemical dependent. When dopamine is not produced correctly in the frontal lobe of the brain, attention, focus, memory and the ability to analyse can all be negatively effected.The dopamine neurotransmitter can also effect people socially. Studies have shown that anxiety in social situations and a lack of dopamine 2 receptors can very often be linked, also, people with bipolar disorder are given drugs known as ‘anti-psychotics', which block dopamine, in an aim to reduce mania. A study was carried out on May the 2nd and was published in the Journal of Neuroscience. The scientists that worked on the study included a team of Vanderbilt University scientists, medicine student Michael Treadway and professor of psychology, David Zald.The aim of the experiment, was to test whether ambitious and hard working ‘go getters' in th e workplace, who were willing and able to work hard to obtain the reward they want, had a different level of dopamine release in the brain (or certain parts of the brain), than workers that tended to slack off more and were less willing to work towards obtaining a reward. The team of scientists used a Positron emission tomography (or PET scan), which is a medical imaging technique, used to produce 3D images of functions taking place in the brain, and other parts of the body.The scientists discovered that the ambitious workers, working towards a reward, had a larger release of the dopamine neurotransmitter in the parts of the brain that, studies have shown, are linked to motivation and obtaining reward. These parts of the brain are called the striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Not only did they find out this, but they also uncovered that less motivated people in the workplace had a high release of dopamine also, but in a completely different part of the brain. This dopa mine release was happening in the anterior insula of the brain, which is the section that is linked to emotion and risk perception.Many different types of studies have proven that dopamine affects going after rewards, and motivation in the brain, but the speciality of this particular study is that it proves that dopamine is not only linked to rewards in hardworkers, but also can be linked to emotions and risk perception in less ambitious workers. This empirical research study clearly shows that dopamine has an affect on human behaviour by effecting the ambition, or lack of it, in the workplace when it comes to working towards reaching a goal and obtaining a certain reward.

Persuasive Speech We All Should Support Mandatory Drug...

Specific Purpose Statement: To persuade my audience to support random and mandatory drug testing in schools and to encourage my audience to maintain a drug-free environment in school Introduction: I. Have you ever entered your school to see men in uniform processing drug tests to all students of your school, your friends, and even people you might know who do drugs? Have you ever thought about getting caught if you’ve had taken drugs or alcohol recently? II. Mandatory and Random drug testing in schools are being more used today in our society. Mandatory drug testing is a test to show the school and the government about the well being of us teenagers. III. †¢ The British Journal Of General Practice †¢ The Drug Policy Alliance†¦show more content†¦Transition: Another fact that comes into place is that if a person were to be caught taking drugs, the school wouldn’t file for criminal charges. II. †¢ The U.S.A. government has agreed that if a minor has been found with a positive drug testing, then the school would agree to give the person personal help to become clean of any drugs. †¢ Keeping people in school is a major difficulty for many schools. o The school would personally have the student see an doctor to help him/her get rid of the daily habit of taking drugs (Journal of General Practice, 2009) o The school would only give the student so many tries till they run out of luck o If the student refuses to find help, then a criminal charge will be prosecuted. (Journal of General Practice, 2009) †¢ The school wants their students to be drug free and learn in a drug free environment. In some cases, they might even kick-out the students who don’t want to learn and keep the students who do want to learn in school to be successful in life. Transition: Keeping our kids in school safely is a major task to take care of everyday for many schools across the nation. III. †¢ There are many ways of drugShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse15082 Words   |  61 PagesMEANT BY DRUG DEPENDENCY? Drug dependence is a situation where an addict feels he/she must have drugs in order to live; this is the term to describe psychological dependence. Physical dependence occurs when the body metabolism adapts to the presence of the drugs, when the drug is removed strong withdrawal symptoms are produced. This withdrawal syndrome is experienced as sickness, stomach upset and muscular pain. Hallucinations and convulsions may also occur. EXPLAIN WHY ALCOHOL IS A DRUG AlcoholRead MoreBusiness Ethics Test Questions with Answers Essay22425 Words   |  90 Pagesorganization that, taken together, support people in the achievement of the organization’s objectives. d. It replaced the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to ensure ethical corporate governance. Answer: c 39. 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The Tri Part Theory Of Racism - 1024 Words

The Tri-part Theory of Racism explains the relationship between behaviors, attitudes and beliefs; each of which are connected to on another (Maluso). This theory can be applied to transgender individuals, those who identify with a gender that is different from their biological sex. Categorization is common as a form of social acceptance, such as that of gender. The categorization of gender dictates how individuals will treat one another as well as allows inferences to be made about the other person’s identity. These inferences come from attitudes, beliefs and stereotypes as explained in the Tri-part Theory of Racism. Hegemonic masculinity, males automatically relate themselves as dominant to women based on nothing more than surface information, is a common example of how the categorization of gender dictates the way people treat one another (Hunt Dick, 2008). Stereotypes as defined by the Tri-part Theory of Racism are beliefs in which one person hold about another (Maluso). These beliefs are seen as facts whether they be positive or negative and may not apply to everybody but do apply to some individuals with a specific characteristic. The title of the film is a stereotype, Boys Don’t Cry. The stereotype is that it is weak individuals who cry, typically females, therefore if males cry they are showing their femininity making them less dominant. The common stereotype is than men are supposed to be tougher and therefore dominant over women. Another scene where theShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Justice Is The Fair Treatment And Involvement Of People Of All Races Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagesby industry or commercial operations in their vicinity. The discourse on environmental justice cannot proceed without mentioning environmental racism. According to the EPA, environmental racism is the targeting of non-white communities when locat ing harmful facilities, where racial minorities are not a part of the decision-making process. 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Patients Rights and Access to Medical Records Essay

Patients Rights and Access to Medical Records The confidentiality of patient visits and medical records are essential in providing the highest quality of health care. Under penalty of law, a patients medical records or any other information regarding the patient may only be released with his or her authorization. Exceptions to this are certain cases specified by law for example, health care providers are required to report certain communicable diseases such as measles. Many organizations and laws have been developed to maintain patients rights of confidentiality and access to their medical record. Guided by the principle that confidentiality is essential in developing strong trust between patients and healthcare providers, the†¦show more content†¦The first principle is that with very few exceptions, health care information about a consumer should be disclosed for health purposes only. The information should be easy to use for those purposes, and very difficult to use otherwise. The second principle is that technical se curity safeguards be maintained for computerized data. Including audit trails that identify who accessed the data and the prosecution against anyone who used the records for illegal or improper purposes. The third principle is consumer access. The patient should have ability to access his or her records and know others that also have access to them. Patients should be aware of the laws, regulations, and policies that protect their information. The fourth policy is defined as accountability, which is of relation to security and consumer control. Fines and imprisonment are required to those who breach security of personal health information. The final policy is public responsibility. Legislation must be balanced between personal, private interests and national priorities of public health, research, and law enforcement. 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Computational Multibody Model Elbow Joint Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Abstraction: Computational multibody mold can be used as a various tool to analyze joint mechanics, joint hurt, examine ligament map, and to foretell joint contact force per unit area. This paper describes a fresh method for the development and rating of a computational multibody theoretical account that represents human elbow flexion- extension associated with forearm pronation-supination. An expeditiously developed theoretical account can help sawboness and other research workers in the design and rating of interventions for cubitus hurts, and contribute to the improvement of patient attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Computational Multibody Model Elbow Joint Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, it is really much necessary to analyze biomechanical technology to develop and formalize an effectual cubitus theoretical account for the optimum intervention of cubitus upsets prior to their application in patients. The computational theoretical account accurately predicted flexion-extension gesture bounds, and relationships between coronoid procedure remotion, flexure angle, and varus constraining forces. The theoretical account was besides able to calculate parametric quantities that the experimental probes could non, such as forces within ligaments and contact forces between castanetss [ 1 ] . Introduction: The cubitus articulation is the 2nd most normally dislocated joint in grownups [ 2 ] . Relative to hurts and upsets of the lower limb, there is relatively small grounds to direct intervention of many elbow hurts [ 3 ] . Computational theoretical accounts of the cubitus could profit our apprehension and intervention of upper appendage upsets. Multibody mold is an effectual and powerful tool in biomechanics. The multibody patterning attack has been used by research workers for patient-specific preoperative planning, computer-aided surgery, and computer-aided rehabilitation. Biomechanical computational theoretical accounts of the cubitus have been developed, but all limited their pertinence by presuming fixed joint axes of rotary motion, ordering specific kinematics, simplifying ligament features or disregarding gristle consequence [ 2, 4-6 ] . Therefore, the cardinal aim of this survey was to develop and formalize a multibody theoretical account of the cubitus articulatio n that includes representation of articular gristle and ligaments as non-linear viscoelastic springs. The topic specific theoretical account was validated by comparing predicted bone kinematics to mensurate gesture of the identically loaded corpse cubitus utilizing a bi-axial mechanical examiner. The overall end of the undertaking is to put capable specific articulation theoretical accounts within musculus driven musculoskeletal motion simulations of the upper-extremities. Methods and Materials: The experimental and multibody patterning methods were similar to that described by Stylianou et Al. [ 7 ] and Bloemker et al. [ 8 ] . One fresh frozen corpse cubitus ( 44 old ages old, female, left cubitus, 152cm tallness, 41 kg mass ) was used for this survey. The humerus caput was cemented with a cylinder that was attached by a flexible joint articulation to a Bose 3510 bi-axial mechanical examiner. The triceps musculuss sinews was sutured and tightly connected to a burden cell that was stiffly attached to the top cylinder of the testing machine. The elbow bone was besides fixed to a cup connected to the mechanical examiner via a cosmopolitan articulation ( Fig 1 ) .The radius was free to revolve. For each simulation kinematics of the humerus and ulna were obtained utilizing stiff organic structure markers and a 3-camera Optotrak Certus system ( Northern Digital, Inc. , Waterloo, ON, Canada ) and the forces on triceps sinews were recorded by a burden cell ( Model SBO-100, Temecula, CA 92590 ) . The initial place and orientation of cadaverous bone geometries relative to the dynamic simulator were recorded utilizing a examining tip with the Optotrak system. After proving, the cubitus was dis-articulated and the median collateral ligament ( MCL ) , sidelong collateral ligament ( LCL ) , triceps insertion/origin sites were measured with an Optotrak digitizing investigation. 3 omega ten Y Load Cell Ired Localizer 2 1C: UsersmmrhwbDesktoppictureElbow # 2 # 3 proving images A ; videos100_0183.jpg C: UsersmmrhwbDesktopReportpictureabs_model_pic.jpg Fig 1: Experimental Setup Fig 2: Model Apparatus Computed Tomography ( CT ) scan images of the cubitus castanetss and localizers were taken to do 3D bone geometries. The plan 3D Slicer ( www.slicer.org ) was used to make the bone and localizer geometries from the CT images by utilizing car cleavage. Geomagic Studio ( Geomagic, Inc. Research Triangle Park, NC ) was used for file transition and post-process filtering of the cubitus geometries including smoothing, taking spikes, and cut downing noise. The bone geometries and ligament insertion/origin points were aligned in MSC.ADAMS ( MSC Software Corporation, Santa Ana, CA ) by utilizing the initial place points and point clouds of each bone ( Fig 2 ) . The ligaments and musculus sinews were modeled as nonlinear springs utilizing a piecewise map depicting the force-length relationship for each package [ 9 ] . A subprogram was written in ADAMS to depict this relationship. This subprogram was derived from the ligament force as a map of strain, the length of each ligament in the place i t was constructed, the measured zero-load length and the ligament stiffness. The zero-load length of each package was determined by ciphering the maximal straight-line distance between interpolation and beginning sites throughout the by experimentation measured full scope of gesture and so using a rectification per centum of 80 % [ 8 ] . The gristles geometries were modeled as stiff organic structures of 0.5 millimeters unvarying thickness by squeeze outing cartilage country of bone surface by utilizing Geomagic shell map. Soft contacts were applied between gristle geometries utilizing a contact map in MSC.ADAMS that allows for interpenetration of the geometries to imitate soft tissue [ 7 ] . Consequence: The theoretical account is validated by comparing the kinematics and RMS mistake of each bone and triceps tendon force obtained from the theoretical account versus the experimental information. The comparing of kinematics graphs demonstrates that the theoretical account replicates the experiment. A A Degree centigrade: UsersmmrhwbDesktopReportpicture3_y_abs.jpg C Calciferol FoC: UsersmmrhwbDesktopReportpicture6_y.jpg Figure 3: Comparison of Movement in y-direction of Humerus ( A ) , Ulna ( B ) and Radius ( C ) . Motion informations are taken from Marker 1, 2 A ; 3 shown in Figure 2. Degree centigrades: UsersmmrhwbDesktopReportpicture ricep_force.jpgC: UsersmmrhwbDesktopReportpicture7_y_abs.jpg Figure 4: Comparison of triceps tendon force BMarker No. Marker 1 ( millimeter ) Marker 2 ( millimeter ) Marker 3 ( millimeter ) Tricep sinew force ( N ) RMS mistake ten 2.40 ten 5.90 ten 10.0 6.5 Y 1.96 Y 2.54 Y 6.20 omega 1.27 omega 4.80 omega 9.37 Table 1: RMS Mistake in x, y A ; z way for marker 1,2 A ; 3 and tricep sinew Discussion: The chief purpose of this survey was to make and formalize a topic specific computational multibody theoretical account of the elbow articulation composite to foretell joint behaviour. Model cogency was successfully demonstrated through comparings of fake kinematics and triceps tendon tenseness informations obtained from cadaver experiment. The chief advantages of this theoretical account are the ability to foretell ligament and contact forces which are really hard to capture by experimentation [ 1 ] . Future work includes utilizing non-uniform distinct gristle, adding more ligament packages, annulate ligaments, and patterning soft tissue wrapper. The developed techniques will so be used for capable specific musculoskeletal motion simulations of the upper-extremity that include anatomical theoretical accounts of the cubitus. Recognitions: This research is funded by the School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City. Mentions: [ 1 ] J. P. Fisk and J. S. Wayne, â€Å" Development and Validation of a Computational Musculoskeletal Model of the Elbow and Forearm † , Ann. Biomed. Eng. , Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 803-812, April 2009, [ 2 ] J. de Haan, N.W.L. Schep, D. Eygendaal, G-J. Kleinrensink, W.E. Tuinebreijer and D. den Hartog â€Å" Stability of the Elbow Joint: Relevant Anatomy and Clinical Implications of In Vitro Biomechanical Studies † The Open Orthop. J. Vol.5, pp.168-176, May 2011. [ 3 ] L. M. Ferreira, J. A. Johnson, Graham J.W. King, â€Å" Development of an active cubitus gesture simulator to measure kinematics with the humerus in the multiple places † , J Biomech. Vol. 43, No.11, pp. 2112-2119, August 2010 [ 4 ] F.C. Anderson, M.G. Pandy. â€Å" Dynamic optimisation of human walking † . J. Biomech Eng. Vol.123, No.5, pp.381-390, October 2001. [ 5 ] . A.S. Arnold, S.L. Delp. â€Å" Rotational minute weaponries of the median hamstrings and adductors vary with femoral geometry and limb place: deductions for the intervention of internally rotated pace † , J. Biomech, Vol. 34, No.4, pp.437-447, April 2001. [ 6 ] . T.M. Barker, C. Kirtley, J. Ratanapinunchai, â€Å" Calculation of multi-segment stiff organic structure joint kineticss utilizing MATLAB † , Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [ H ] , Vol.211, No.6, pp.483-487, 1997. [ 7 ] A. P. Stylianou, T. M. Guess, J. L. Cook, â€Å" Development and proof of a multi-body theoretical account of the eyetooth knee articulation † , Comp. Meth. Biomech. Biomed. Eng. , DOI: 10.1080/10225842.2012.684243, pp. 1-8, May 2012. [ 8 ] K. H. Bloemker, T. M. Guess, L. Maletsky, K. Dodd, † Computational Knee Ligament Modeling Using Experimentally Determined Zero-Load Lengths † , The Open Biomed. Eng. , Vol.6, pp.33-41, April 2012 [ 9 ] G. Li, J. Gil, A. Kanamori, S. L. Woo. â€Å" A validated 3-dimensional computational theoretical account of a human articulatio genus articulation † , J. Biomech. Eng. Vol.121, No.6, pp.657-662, December 1999 How to cite Computational Multibody Model Elbow Joint Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Ethical Teachings of Islam in Relation to the Environment free essay sample

Explain how the ethical teachings of Islam in relation to the Environment, reflect the beliefs of Islam. In Arabic all ethics are an extension of Shari’a law which is itself drawn upon from the Qur’an and Sunni of the prophet. Islamic Ethics play a significant role on the way ethics regarding the environment have evolved and continue to evolve. The three keys principles in relations to environmental ethics are, Tahwid, Khilafa and akhra. These Three principles are derived from holy texts such as the Qur’an. Tawhid or unity is the belief in the oneness of Allah this is an overriding concept that informs Muslim ethics. As a result of such this principle relates to environmental ethics because of the belief in the integrity and unity of Allah’s creation. This is not to suggest that Allah is one with creation, but rather that creation as a whole reflects the uniqueness and oneness of Allah. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Teachings of Islam in Relation to the Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because of the greatness of Allah people are expected to obey his commands which are contained in the Qur’an and express their obedience in behaviour as well as belief. This includes not only devotion toward Allah but ethical behaviour towards others as well. There are several passages in the Qur’an that support this concept. Such as Sura 4:36, â€Å"Serve Allah and join not any partners with him; and do good – to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, those in need, neighbours who are near, neighbours who are strangers, the companions by your side, the wayfarer you meet, and what your right hand possess: for Allah loves not the arrogant, the vainglorious. Khilafa or stewardship means that humans are only the managers of the universe and not its proprietors. They are entrusted with its care and maintenance and so should not abuse, misuse or distort the natural resources and allow for future generations to benefit from them. References to this are found throughout the Qur’an, â€Å"It is he that has made you custodians, inheritors of the earth† (surah 6:165). This text clearly states that the relationship between Humankind and the rest of creations. It also highlights the relationship of responsibility which has been ordained by Allah so in turn the will of Allah. One significant passage from the Qur’an in relation to stewardship and environmental ethics is Sura 50:7-8 â€Å"and the earth – we have spread it out and set thereon mountains standing firm, and produced therein every kind of beautiful growth – to be observed and commemorated by every devotee turning to Allah. † The third key pillar of Islamic believe which relates to environmental ethics is Akhra or accountability, they will be held accountable on akhira or the final judgement day. In relation to environmental ethics Muslims are accountable for their use and abuse of creation and are held accountable for maintaining a balance in nature. By acknowledging Allah as the creator and that this is his created world; Muslim must be submissive to his will and seek to live as responsible trustees of Allah’s created world. It is said that on the final judgement day or Akhra, all human beings will need to give reckoning for their actions and so accountability includes care for the world and the environment and maintaining the integrity and unity of creation and all that is in it and on judgement day of Akhra human beings will be called to account for how well this has been done. So the three core pillars of belief in Islam reflect the ethical teachings in relation to the Environment, Islamic ethics are an extension of Shari’a. The ethical teachings of Islam all relate to the environment in some way because the environment calls for ethics. The three core pillars themselves can relate to environmental ethics. Tahwid, the concept of the uniqueness of Allah and the integrity of his creation. Khilafa, Muslims respect and care for the environment and Akhra Muslims are accountable for their use and abuse of the environment and will be held so when akhira comes to fruition.